Formulation and Evaluation of Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride Niosomes for Controlled Ophthalmic Drug Delivery

The objective of present invesigation was to formulate and evaluate a niosomal delivery system of moxifloxacin hydrchloride for the treatment of ocular infections. Moxifloxacin-loaded niosomes were prepared by using thin film hydration technique and were investigated for surface pH, morphology, entrapment, in-vitro release, TEeM (transmission electron microscopy), physical stability & ocular irritancy test. The release study profile was subjected to release kinetics models. Aall the vesicles were uniform and spherical in size. The drug relaese pattern of all formulation follows decreasing order: MN3 > MN6 > MN9 > MN5 > MN2 > MN1 > MN8 > MN4 > MN7. The formulation MN3 (span 60: cholesterol) molar ratio produce faster release of drug i.e. 77.98% after 12 hours, concluded less sustained action. The study concluded that the moxifloxacin loaded niosomes to be effective in sustaining the drug release leading to decreased side effects and increased patient complianc

Universality of Fluctuation-Dissipation Ratios: The Ferromagnetic Model

We calculate analytically the fluctuation-dissipation ratio (FDR) for Ising ferromagnets quenched to criticality, both for the long-range model and its short-range analogue in the limit of large dimension. Our exact solution shows that, for both models, $X^\infty=1/2$ if the system is unmagnetized while $X^\infty=4/5$ if the initial magnetization is non-zero. This indicates that two different classes of critical coarsening dynamics need to be distinguished depending on the initial conditions, each with its own nontrivial FDR. We also analyze the dependence of the FDR on whether local and global observables are used. These results clarify how a proper local FDR (and the corresponding effective temperature) should be defined in long-range models in order to avoid spurious inconsistencies and maintain the expected correspondence between local and global results; global observables turn out to be far more robust tools for detecting non-equilibrium FDRs.Comment: 14 pages, revtex4, published version. Changes from v1: added discussion of refs [16,36,37], other observables and local correlation/response in short-range mode

Towards business model and technical platform for the service oriented context-aware mobile virtual communities

The focus of existing virtual communities is centered on a particular product or social interaction and the role of mobile devices is restricted to exchange a limited amount of contents. Herewith we envisage that the upcoming virtual communities will exploit the potential of social interaction and context information to offer personalized services to its members and mobile devices will play a significant role in this process. As a step towards this direction, in this paper we propose a business model for the mobile virtual communities in which the mobile device takes on the role of a content producer and content consumer. Though there are a number of research issues which need to be addressed to realize such virtual communities, in this paper we focus on the service requirements, architecture and open source software implementation of a technical platform for the content producer and consumer mobile devices

A Review on Mouth Dissolving Film

Mouth dissolving film is the most advanced oral solid dosage form due to its flexibility and comfort in use. Mouth dissolving films are oral solid dosage form that disintegrate and dissolve within a minute when placed in mouth without taking water or chewing. This dosage form allows the medication to bypass the first pass metabolism so bioavailability of medication may be improved .Mouth dissolving film has potential to improve onset of action lower the dosing and eliminate the fear of chocking. Formulation of mouth dissolving films involves both the visual and performance characteristics as plasticized hydrocolloids, API taste masking agents are being laminated by solvent casting and semisolid casting method. Solvent casting method being the most preferred method over other methods because it offers great uniformity of thickness and films prepared having fine glossy look and better physical properties. Mouth dissolving films are evaluated for its various parameters like thickness, physical property like folding endurance, disintegration and dissolution time. This review gives an idea about formulation techniques, evaluation parameters, overview on packaging and some available marketed products of mouth dissolving films. Keywords: Mouth dissolving film, solvent casting, fast disintegratio

Determination of physical properties of soybean at different moisture levels

The physical properties of soybean are important in designing and fabricating equipment and structures for handling, transporting, processing and storage, and also for assessing the quality of soybean.  The study was conducted to investigate some physical properties of soybean at various moisture levels.  The average length, width, thickness and thousand mass were 6.55 mm, 5.56 mm, 4.53 mm and 103.57 g, respectively, at moisture content of 7.37% (dry basis).  The geometric mean diameter increased from 5.44 to 5.57 mm and the sphericity varied between 0.83 and 0.84 as moisture content increased from 7.37% to 15.80% (db), respectively.  In the same moisture range, the bulk and true densities decreased from 749.1 to 644.4 kg/m3 and 1250 to 1111.11 kg/m3, respectively, whereas the corresponding porosity increased from 40.07% to 41.9%.  As the moisture content increased from 7.37% to 15.80% (db) angle of repose as found to increase from 26.35° to 30.96°.  The static coefficient of friction of soybean increased linearly against the surfaces of two structural materials, namely glass and wood as the moisture content increased from 7.37% to 15.80% (db). Keywords: moisture content, physical properties, soybean, Indi

A Framework for Smart Distribution of Bio-signal Processing Units in M-Health

This paper introduces the Bio-Signal Processing Unit (BSPU) as a functional component that hosts (part of ) the bio-signal information processing algorithms that are needed for an m-health application. With our approach, the BSPUs can be dynamically assigned to available nodes between the bio-signal source and the application to optimize the use of computation and communication resources. The main contributions of this paper are: (1) it presents the supporting architecture (e.g. components and interfaces) and the mechanism (sequence of interactions) for BSPU distribution; (2) it proposes a coordination mechanism to ensure the correctness of the BSPU distribution; (3) it elaborates the design of smooth transition during BSPU distribution in order to minimize the disturbance to the m-health streaming application

UROLITHIASIS (KIDNEY STONES) CURRENT PHARMACOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT

Kidney stones are a common condition causing significant morbidity and economic burden. The prevalence of Urolithiasis (Kidney stones) is increasing from past 20 years, worldwide 5-15% of the population affected by Urolithiasis. The most common type of kidney stone is calcium oxalate formed in the renal surfaces. The mechanism of stone formation is a complex process which results from several physicochemical events including supersaturation, nucleation, growth, aggregation, and retention of urinary stone constituents within tubular cells. Obese people are known to have a higher risk of stone formation. Metabolic syndrome has resulted in an increasing rate of nephrolithiasis among women. The diagnosis and initial management of urolithiasis have undergone considerable evolution in recent years. This review article provides information about epidemiology, mechanism, diagnosis, and pathophysiology of kidney stone formation, and methods for the evaluation of stone risks for new and follow-up patients

Design, Development, and Optimization of Polymeric Based-Colonic Drug Delivery System of Naproxen

The aim of present investigation deals with the development of time-dependent and pH sensitive press-coated tablets for colon specific drug delivery of naproxen. The core tablets were prepared by wet granulation method then press coated with hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) or Eudragit RSPO : RLPO mixture and further coated with Eudragit S-100 by dip immerse method. The in vitro drug release study was conducted in different dissolution media such as pH 1.2, 6.8, and 7.4 with or without rat caecal content to simulate GIT conditions. Surface morphology and cross-sectional view of the tablets were visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All prepared batches were in compliance with the pharmacopoeial standards. The tablets which are compression coated with HPC followed by Eudragit S-100 coated showed highest in vitro drug release of 98.10% in presence of rat caecal content. The SEM of tablets suggested that the number of pores got increased in pH 7.4 medium followed by dissolution of coating layer. The tablets coat erosion study suggested that the lag time depends upon the coating concentrations of polymers. A time-dependent hydrophilic polymer and pH sensitive polymer based press-coated tablets of naproxen were promising delivery for colon targeting

Alginatne mikrosfere naproksen natrija obložene Eudragitom S-100: Priprava, optimizacija i in vitro vrednovanje

The aim of the study was to prepare site specific drug delivery of naproxen sodium using sodium alginate and Eudragit S-100 as a mucoadhesive and pH-sensitive polymer, respectively. Core microspheres of alginate were prepared by a modified emulsification method followed by cross-linking with CaCl2, which was further coated with the pH dependent polymer Eudragit S-100 (2.5 or 5 %) to prevent drug release in the upper gastrointestinal environment. Microspheres were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, particle size analysis, drug loading efficiency, in vitro mucoadhesive time study and in vitro drug release study in different simulated gastric fluids. Stability studies of the optimized formulation were carried out for 6 months. SEM images revealed that the surface morphology was rough and smooth for core and coated microspheres, respectively. Core microspheres showed better mucoadhesion compared to coated microspheres when applied to the mucosal surface of freshly excised goat colon. The optimized batch of core microspheres and coated microspheres exhibited 98.42 ± 0.96 and 95.58 ± 0.74 % drug release, respectively. Drug release from all sodium alginate microsphere formulations followed Higuchi kinetics. Moreover, drug release from Eudragit S-100 coated microspheres followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas equation with a Fickian kinetics mechanism. Stability study suggested that the degradation rate constant of the microspheres was minimal, indicating 2 years shelf life of the formulation.Cilj istraživanja bila je ciljana isporuka naproksen natrija koristeći natrijev alginat i Eudragit S-100 kao mukoadhezivne, odnosno pH-osjetljive polimere. Jezgra mikrosfera od alginata pripravljena je modificiranom metodom emulgiranja te umrežavanjem pomoću otopine CaCl2. Sljedeći korak u pripravi mikrosfera bilo je oblaganje s pH osjetljivim polimerom Eudragit S-100 (2,5 ili 5 %) čime je spriječeno oslobađanje lijeka u gornjem dijelu gastrointestinalnog trakta. Mikrosfere su okarakterizirane FT-IR spektroskopijom, difrakcijom rendgenskih zraka, diferencijalnom pretražnom kalorimetrijom i pretražnom elektronskom mikroskopijom. Nadalje, analizirana je veličina čestica, količina uklopljenog lijeka, mukoadhezivna svojstva in vitro te oslobađanje lijeka in vitro u različitim simuliranim gastričnim fluidima. Testovi stabilnosti optimiziranih pripravaka praćeni su tijekom 6 mjeseci prema smjernicama ICH. SEM snimke otkrile su da je površina jezgre mikročestica neravna, dok je površina obloženih mikrosfera glatka. Jezgre mikrosfera imale su jače izražena mukoadhezivna svojstva nego obložene mikrosfere na testovima provedenim na svježe izrezanim dijelovima debelog crijeva koze. Iz optimiziranih neobloženih i obloženih mikrosfera oslobađa se 98.42 ± 0.96, odnosno 95.58 ± 0.74 % lijeka. Oslobađanje lijeka iz svih formulacija slijedilo je kinetiku po Higuchiju. Oslobađanje iz obloženih mikrosfera slijedilo je Korsmeyer-Peppasovu jednadžbu i kinetiku po Ficku. Studije stabilnosti pokazale su minimalnu razgradnju, te prihvatljivu stabilnost tijekom dvogodišnjeg skladištenja

Biological Role of Chalcones in Medicinal Chemistry

Chalcones are promising synthons and bioactive scaffolds of great medicinal interest due to their numerous pharmacological and biological activities. They are well recognized to possess antimicrobial, anticancer, antitubercular, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antileishmanial, and other significant biological activities. This chapter highlights recent updates and applications of chalcones as biologically, pharmacologically, and medicinally important entities